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Venous Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment


Your arteries carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. Your veins carry blood back to the heart, and valves in the veins stop the blood from flowing backwards.

When your veins have trouble sending blood from your limbs back to the heart, it’s known as venous insufficiency. In this condition, blood doesn’t flow back properly to the heart, causing blood to pool in the veins in your legs.

Several factors can cause venous insufficiency, though it’s most commonly caused by blood clots (deep vein thrombosis) and varicose veins.

Even if you have a family history of venous insufficiency, there are simple steps you can take to lower your chances of developing the condition.

Causes of venous insufficiency

Venous insufficiency is most often caused by either blood clots or varicose veins.

In healthy veins, there is a continuous flow of blood from the limbs back toward the heart. Valves within the veins of the legs help prevent the backflow of blood.

The most common causes of venous insufficiency are previous cases of blood clots and varicose veins.

When forward flow through the veins is obstructed — such as in the case of a blood clot — blood builds up below the clot, which can lead to venous insufficiency.

In varicose veins, the valves are often missing or impaired, and blood leaks back through the damaged valves.

In some cases, weakness in the leg muscles that squeeze blood forward can also contribute to venous insufficiency.

Venous insufficiency is more common in women than in men. It’s also more likely to occur in adults over the age of 50, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

Other risk factors include:

Blood clots

Varicose veins

Obesity

Pregnancy

Smoking

Cancer

Muscle weakness, leg injury, or trauma

Swelling of a superficial vein (phlebitis)

Family history of venous insufficiency

Sitting or standing for long periods without moving

Symptoms of venous insufficiency

Symptoms of venous insufficiency include:

Swelling of the legs or ankles (oedema)

Pain that gets worse when you stand and gets better when you raise your legs

Leg cramps

Aching, throbbing, or a feeling of heaviness in your legs

Itchy legs

Weak legs

Thickening of the skin on your legs or ankles

Skin that is changing colour, especially around the ankles

Leg ulcers

Varicose veins

A feeling of tightness in your calves

How is venous insufficiency diagnosed?

Your doctor will want to do a physical examination and take a complete medical history to figure out if you have venous insufficiency.

They may also order some imaging tests to pinpoint the source of the problem. These tests may include a venogram or a duplex ultrasound.

Venogram

During a venogram, your doctor will put an intravenous (IV) contrast dye into your veins.

Contrast dye causes the blood vessels to appear opaque on the X-ray image, which helps the doctor see them on the image. This dye will provide your doctor with a clearer X-ray picture of your blood vessels.

Duplex ultrasound

A type of test called a duplex ultrasound maybe used to test the speed and direction of blood flow in the veins.

A technician will place some gel on the skin and then press a small hand-held device (transducer) against this area. The transducer uses sound waves that bounce back to a computer and produce the images of blood flow.

How venous insufficiency is treated

Treatment will depend on many factors, including the reason for the condition and your health status and history. Other factors your doctor will consider are:

Your specific symptoms

Your age

The severity of your condition

How well you can tolerate medications or procedures

The most common treatment for venous insufficiency is prescription compression stockings. These special elastic stockings apply pressure at the ankle and lower leg. They help improve blood flow and can reduce leg swelling.

Compression stockings come in a range of prescription strengths and different lengths. Your doctor will help you decide what the best type of compression stocking is for your treatment.

Treatment for venous insufficiency can include several different strategies:

Improving blood flow

Here are some tips to improve your blood flow:

Keep your legs elevated whenever possible.

Wear compression stockings to apply pressure to your lower legs.

Keep your legs uncrossed when seated.

Exercise regularly.

Medications

Several medications may help those who have this condition. These include:

Diuretics: medications that draw extra fluid from your body that is then excreted through your kidneys

Anticoagulants: medications that thin the blood

Pentoxifylline (Trental): a medication that helps improve blood flow

Surgery

Sometimes more serious cases of venous insufficiency require surgery. Your doctor may suggest one of the following surgery types:

Surgical repair of veins or valves

Removing (stripping) the damaged vein

Minimally invasive endoscopic surgery: The surgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera on it to help see and tie off varicose veins.

Vein bypass: A healthy vein is transplanted from somewhere else in your body. Generally used only in the upper thigh and only as a last option for very severe cases.

Laser surgery: A relatively new treatment that uses lasers to either fade or close the damaged vein with strong surges of light in a small, specific place.

Ambulatory phlebectomy

This outpatient procedure (you won’t have to spend the night in the hospital) involves your doctor numbing certain spots on your leg, and then making small pricks and removing smaller varicose veins.

Sclerotherapy

This treatment method is generally reserved for advanced venous insufficiency.

In sclerotherapy, a chemical is injected into the damaged vein so that it’s no longer able to carry blood. Blood will return to the heart through other veins, and the damaged vein will eventually be absorbed by the body.

Sclerotherapy is used to destroy small to medium veins. A chemical is injected into the damaged vein so that it’s no longer able to carry blood.

Catheter procedures

In severe cases, your doctor can use a catheter procedure for larger veins. They’ll insert a catheter (a thin tube) into the vein, heat the end of it, and then remove it. The heat will cause the vein to close and seal as the catheter is taken out.

How to prevent venous insufficiency

If you have a family history of venous insufficiency, you can take steps to lessen your chances of developing the condition:

Don’t sit or stand in one position for long periods. Get up and move around frequently.

Don’t smoke, and if you do smoke, quit.

Get regular exercise.

Maintain a healthy body weight.

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